CORRECT!

2). What is the most effective way to use the eyes during night flight?

a). Look only at far away, dim lights.
b). Scan slowly to permit offcenter viewing.
c). Concentrate directly on each object for a few seconds.
The answer is:
b). Scan slowly to permit off-center viewing.

The retina is composed of two types of photoreceptor cells. When light falls on one of these cells, it causes a chemical reaction that sends an electrical signal to the brain.
        Cone cells give us our detailed color daytime vision. There are 6 million of them in each human eye. Most of them are located in the central retina - macula fovea area. There are three types of cone cells: one sensitive to red light, another to green light, and the third sensitive to blue light.
        Rod cells are about 500 times more sensitive to light then cone cells; they give us our dim light or night vision. They are also more sensitive to motion then cone cells. There are 120 million rod cells in the human eye. Most rod cells are located in our peripheral or side vision.

The fact that cone cells are located in the center of the retina and the rods surround the cones and are located in our peripheral vision is the reason we need to rely on off-center viewing when trying to discern objects at night. Try this: go outside one clear night, wait long enough to allow your eyes to adapt to the darkness and then look up. If you gaze directly at a star or a planet or any other small point of light, your cones will not register the object, But, if you move your gaze slowly away from that light source, your rods will allow your eyes to discern that object. It is a startling phenomenon; one moment the object is not there, the next moment it magically appears!

When scanning for other aircraft at night, slow, deliberate scanning is how we see and avoid other aircraft.

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